European cities need to maintain and enhance their tram systems due to their ability to create longer vehicles than buses and trolleybuses.

The primary aim is to minimize the driver-to-passenger ratio, considering the high labor costs, while prioritizing increased capacity.

European cities are keen on providing passengers with comfortable and decent travel experiences, ensuring a majority can access seating.

Technically, the length of a tram can be almost limitless as long as the power and articulated disks are adjusted accordingly. The constraints lie in platform length and intersection density.

Presently, many European cities boast trams exceeding 40 meters, with over 30 meters being the mainstream.

Some cities even connect 2-3 shorter trams, while others, like Zurich and Leipzig, retrofit high-floor old trams with low-floor trailers for barrier-free rides.

In contrast, buses and trolleybuses face limitations in length.

The average mass-produced double-articulated bus is under 30 meters.

Most cities rely on single-articulated vehicles, approximately 18 meters long, for bus and trolleybus services.

While subways offer greater capacity, ground transportation, especially trams, holds unique conveniences without the complexities of subway construction in Western cities.

The main advantages of trams include:

1. Safety: Trams reduce the probability of serious accidents caused by driver error. The risk of passenger casualties is lower compared to non-track vehicles, even in collisions with other vehicles.

2. Environmentally Friendly: Trams produce zero emissions, making them environmentally friendly. They transfer pollution more efficiently than direct emissions into populated areas. Zero-emission vehicles are suitable for tunnel operations, and wheeled vehicles consume less energy than their rubber-wheeled counterparts.

3. Low Operating Costs: Trams incur lower operating costs due to electricity affordability compared to burning oil. Due to simplified maintenance, trams can operate smoothly for more than sixteen years.

4. Efficient Acceleration and Deceleration: Trams demonstrate superior performance in accelerating, decelerating, and climbing. Their traction characteristics, whether using series-excited DC motors or variable frequency AC motors, result in high efficiency without needing a gearbox. Regenerative braking further enhances energy efficiency.

5. Low-Floor Accessibility: Trams achieve low-floor accessibility without a large engine, providing more interior space than low-floor buses. In addition, their wheel packs are more miniature than those of low-floor buses and trolleybuses.

6. Specialized Lanes: Dedicated Tram lanes save space compared to car usage. These lanes don't require wide swing spaces, and if built, they can be grassed, lasting longer than traditional highways.